South Sudan
Welcome to South Sudan
South Sudan sits at the crossroads of Central and East Africa, bordered by Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic. Its landscape is a striking mosaic: vast savannas, lush wetlands, mighty rivers, and scattered forests. The White Nile, one of the world’s great rivers, flows through the country, nourishing both people and wildlife. Despite ongoing challenges—political instability, security concerns, and a lack of developed infrastructure—South Sudan’s allure lies in its authenticity. Here, you’ll find over 60 ethnic groups, each with its own language, customs, and traditions. The capital, Juba, is a bustling city where modern aspirations meet the echoes of a long struggle for independence. Beyond Juba, the countryside reveals a slower pace of life, where cattle camps, traditional villages, and vibrant local markets paint a picture of daily resilience and communal pride.
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Breathtaking Beaches and Outdoor Activities: Whether you want to relax on powdery white sands, snorkel with tropical fish, kayak along the coast, or swim with sea turtles, Barbados provides a diverse range of water and nature-based activities that cater to all interests.
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Untamed Natural Beauty: South Sudan’s national parks and wetlands are among Africa’s least explored. Boma and Bandingilo National Parks are teeming with wildlife, including elephants, giraffes, and one of the world’s largest animal migrations. The Sudd, a vast swamp formed by the White Nile, is a paradise for birdwatchers and nature lovers, offering a sense of wilderness lost in much of the continent.
Planning Your Trip
Visa Information
All travelers to South Sudan require a visa, which must be obtained in advance from a South Sudanese embassy or consulate. Tourist visas are typically valid for 30 days, with extensions possible for longer stays. Upon arrival, visitors staying more than three days must register with the Department of Immigration and Aliens Control at the Ministry of Interior in Juba. Working without a permit is strictly prohibited and can result in the temporary confiscation of your passport.
Best Time to Visit
South Sudan’s climate is tropical, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, from November to March, is the most favorable time for travel, with lower humidity and more accessible roads. The rainy season, from April to October, brings heavy downpours and frequent flooding, making many roads impassable and travel outside Juba extremely challenging.
- Dry Season (November–March): Best for wildlife viewing, cultural festivals, and overland travel.
- Rainy Season (April–October): Roads may be flooded; travel is difficult, but the landscape is lush and green.
Getting To and Around
Most international travelers arrive via Juba International Airport, which is served by flights from Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Entebbe, and Cairo. Overland travel from neighboring countries is possible but not recommended due to security risks and poor road conditions. Always check the latest travel advisories before planning your route.
Getting Around
Travel within South Sudan is an adventure in itself. Infrastructure is limited, and most roads outside Juba are unpaved and may be hazardous, especially during the rainy season. In Juba, taxis and private drivers are available. For travel to remote areas or national parks, it is essential to arrange transportation through a reputable tour operator or local guide.
- Road Travel: An international driver’s license and third-party liability insurance are required. Due to the risk of carjacking and checkpoints, always keep car doors locked and windows up, and avoid traveling after dark.
- Domestic Flights: Charter flights are sometimes available to major towns and national parks, but schedules can be unpredictable.
- Security: The security situation can change rapidly. Armed conflict, crime, and checkpoints are common, especially outside Juba. Always seek up-to-date advice and travel with a trusted local contact.
Accommodation
South Sudan’s accommodation scene reflects its status as a frontier destination—raw, evolving, and full of surprises. From the heart of Juba to remote corners of the countryside, visitors will find a range of options, from international-standard hotels to rustic camps and budget lodges. While the hospitality industry is still developing, the warmth and resilience of South Sudanese hosts create memorable stays for adventurous travelers.
Accommodation Options
Luxury and Business Hotels in Juba
Juba, the capital, is the center of South Sudan’s hospitality industry, offering the widest selection of hotels and guesthouses. Here, international travelers can expect modern comforts and attentive service, especially in higher-end properties. Notable hotels include:
- Radisson Blu Hotel, Juba: A five-star property with a reputation for excellent service, modern rooms, a fitness center, and a beautiful outdoor pool. The on-site restaurants and bars cater to both business and leisure guests, making it a popular choice for diplomats and international visitors.
- Pyramid Continental Hotel: Known for its trendy design, high cleanliness standards, and exceptional service, this hotel is consistently rated among the best in Juba. It offers a fitness center, garden, and spacious rooms, making it ideal for business travelers and those seeking a comfortable stay.
- Royal Palace Hotel: Awarded South Sudan’s Leading Hotel in 2024, the Royal Palace is praised for its friendly staff, clean rooms, and tasty food. It’s a favorite among repeat visitors who appreciate its welcoming atmosphere and amenities like an outdoor pool and fitness center.
- Imperial Plaza Hotel & Resort Juba: This five-star hotel features a fitness center, garden, terrace, and bar. The exceptional buffet and professional staff make it a standout for those seeking luxury and convenience.
Boutique and Mid-Range Options
For travelers seeking a balance between comfort and value, Juba offers several mid-range hotels and boutique lodges:
- Riviera Business Hotel Juba: A top-rated boutique option, the Riviera is known for its good location and attentive service, offering a more intimate experience.
- AFEX Rivercamp: Set along the river, this property combines natural beauty with practical amenities. Guests enjoy the outdoor pool, fitness center, and peaceful garden—perfect for unwinding after a day of exploration.
- Palm Africa Hotel Juba: With modern facilities and a reputation for generous hospitality, this hotel is popular among business travelers and tourists alike.
Budget-Friendly Stays
Budget-conscious travelers will find a growing selection of affordable hotels and guesthouses in Juba and other major towns. These properties typically provide basic but comfortable rooms, essential amenities, and friendly service. While facilities may be more modest, they offer excellent value and a chance to experience local hospitality.
- Queen Boutique Hotel, Metacity Living, and The Paragon Hotel: Among the most highly rated budget options, these hotels deliver clean rooms, reliable service, and practical features for a comfortable stay without breaking the bank.
- Guesthouses and Hostels: In smaller towns and rural areas, guesthouses and hostels are the mainstay. These are often family-run, offering simple rooms and communal meals. While amenities are basic, the experience is authentic and welcoming.
Unique Lodges and Camps
For those seeking adventure and immersion in nature, South Sudan’s lodges and camps provide a unique experience:
- Meroe Camp: Located in a remote area, Meroe Camp offers sturdy tents with comfortable cots, concrete floors, and shared facilities. It’s ideal for travelers looking to explore South Sudan’s wild side while enjoying hearty breakfasts and communal dinners.
- Acacia Village: A hidden gem in Juba, Acacia Village is an oasis of calm. Guests stay in roomy, air-conditioned cottages and enjoy a restaurant with nightly specials, a large pool, and personalized service—perfect for longer stays or those seeking tranquility.
Booking and Practical Tips
- Availability: It’s advisable to book accommodation in advance, especially in Juba, where demand can be high during conferences or peak travel periods.
- Facilities: Most upscale hotels offer Wi-Fi, air conditioning, fitness centers, and airport transfers. Budget options may have limited facilities, so check amenities before booking.
- Safety: Choose well-reviewed hotels in secure locations. In rural areas, opt for established lodges or guesthouses with local recommendations.
- Payment: Cash is king—credit cards are accepted mainly in top hotels. Bring sufficient US dollars or South Sudanese Pounds for your stay.
Food and Drink
South Sudan’s cuisine is a vibrant blend of indigenous traditions, regional influences, and the creativity born of necessity. While the country’s culinary scene is still emerging, visitors will discover a range of flavors, from hearty stews to fresh river fish and seasonal vegetables. Dining in South Sudan is as much about connection and community as it is about the food itself.
Traditional South Sudanese Cuisine
- Asida: A staple dish made from sorghum or maize flour, asida is a dense, dough-like porridge often served with rich meat or vegetable stews. It’s eaten with the hands, using pieces to scoop up flavorful sauces.
- Kisra: A thin, fermented flatbread made from sorghum, kisra is a daily staple, typically paired with stews or beans.
- Ful Medames: A popular breakfast dish, ful is made from slow-cooked fava beans, seasoned with spices, and served with bread or kisra.
- Stews and Grilled Meats: Goat, beef, and chicken are common proteins, often stewed with tomatoes, onions, and local greens. Grilled meats, known as nyama choma, are a favorite at roadside eateries and gatherings.
- Fish: The White Nile and its tributaries provide fresh fish, grilled or fried and served with spicy relishes.
Dining in Juba and Major Towns
Juba’s growing expatriate community and international presence have spurred the development of diverse dining options:
- Hotel Restaurants: Most high-end hotels feature on-site restaurants offering a mix of South Sudanese, East African, and international cuisine. Expect buffets with grilled meats, salads, and local specialties, as well as continental dishes for less adventurous palates.
- Local Eateries: Small restaurants and street vendors serve affordable, home-style meals. Try a plate of asida with bean stew or grilled fish with spicy sauce for an authentic taste of South Sudan.
- International Cuisine: A handful of restaurants in Juba offer Indian, Middle Eastern, Chinese, and Italian dishes, catering to the city’s diverse population.
Drinks and Nightlife
- Tea and Coffee: Social life in South Sudan often revolves around tea and coffee. Sweet, spiced tea is served in small glasses throughout the day, while strong coffee is enjoyed in cafes and homes.
- Soft Drinks and Juices: Bottled water, sodas, and fresh fruit juices are widely available in hotels and restaurants.
- Alcohol: Beer and imported spirits are served in hotel bars and some restaurants, though availability may vary. Locally brewed drinks, such as sorghum beer, are enjoyed in rural areas, especially during celebrations.
Food Safety and Dietary Tips
- Eat Where Locals Eat: Choose busy restaurants and hotels with good reputations to ensure food safety.
- Water: Drink only bottled or filtered water. Avoid ice and raw foods unless you’re confident in their preparation.
- Special Diets: Vegetarian options are available, especially in hotel restaurants, but choices may be limited in rural areas.
A Taste of Hospitality
Dining in South Sudan is about more than just food—it’s an invitation to share in the country’s warmth and resilience. Whether you’re savoring a home-cooked meal in a village or enjoying a buffet at a luxury hotel, each bite is a window into the heart of this remarkable nation. As the country continues to grow and welcome more visitors, its hospitality and culinary traditions promise to leave a lasting impression on every traveler.
Must-See Attractions
South Sudan, Africa’s youngest nation, is a land of discovery for those seeking adventure, authenticity, and unspoiled beauty. Its attractions range from wild national parks to vibrant cities and deeply rooted cultural traditions. Here are the must-see highlights for any 2025 itinerary:
White Nile River
The White Nile is the lifeblood of South Sudan, winding through the country and shaping both its landscapes and its way of life. In Juba, the capital, the riverbanks are lush and green—a gathering place for locals who fish, swim, and wash clothes along its shores. A stroll or boat ride on the White Nile offers tranquil scenes and a firsthand glimpse into daily life.
Nimule National Park
Located in the far south near the Ugandan border, Nimule National Park is South Sudan’s most accessible and popular wildlife reserve. The park is famous for its elephants, giraffes, buffalo, hippos, and a wide array of bird species. The White Nile runs through the park, creating scenic rapids and the impressive Fula Waterfalls. Nimule is perfect for safaris, birdwatching, and river excursions, with landscapes ranging from savanna woodlands to riverine forests.
Boma National Park
Boma National Park, in the east near Ethiopia, is a vast wilderness renowned for hosting the world’s second-largest animal migration—herds of white-eared kob, tiang, and Mongalla gazelle traverse its grasslands and floodplains. The park is also home to elephants, giraffes, buffalo, leopards, and an impressive variety of birds, making it a paradise for wildlife enthusiasts and photographers.
Bandingilo National Park
Bandingilo National Park, near the White Nile, is another wildlife haven, covering over 10,000 square kilometers. It is famous for its annual antelope migration and predators such as lions, cheetahs, African wild dogs, and leopards. The park’s landscapes are a mix of grassland, woodland, and wetlands, offering a true sense of Africa’s wild heart.
Juba: The Capital City
Juba is the beating heart of modern South Sudan. The city’s bustling markets, such as Konyo Konyo and Congo Market, are vibrant centers where you can shop for crafts, textiles, and local produce. Key landmarks include:
- John Garang Mausoleum: A monument to the nation’s founding father and a place of reflection on South Sudan’s journey to independence.
- All Saints Cathedral and St. Theresa Cathedral: These striking churches are symbols of the country’s Christian heritage and architectural highlights.
- Juba Archaeological Museum: Explore artifacts and exhibits that trace the region’s ancient history and diverse cultures.
- Juba Town Roundabout: A lively focal point in the city, often used as a meeting place and surrounded by local businesses.
Gondokoro Island
Just outside Juba, Gondokoro Island is a historic site on the Nile, once a trading post and now a peaceful escape for boat trips and picnics. The island offers panoramic views of the river and a chance to spot birds and wildlife7.
Local Markets
Markets like Konyo Konyo in Juba are not just places to shop—they are windows into South Sudanese daily life. Browse colorful stalls for handicrafts, textiles, and fresh produce, and soak up the lively atmosphere as locals barter and socialize.
Cultural Villages and Tribal Experiences
South Sudan’s rich tapestry of ethnic groups is best experienced in its villages and cattle camps. Visiting the Mundari or Dinka tribes offers a rare opportunity to witness traditional customs, cattle herding, and vibrant ceremonies. These encounters provide deep insight into the country’s heritage and resilience.
Kajo Keji and Tumbura
Kajo Keji, with its stunning landscapes along the Nile, is ideal for hiking, birdwatching, and river excursions. Tumbura, in Western Equatoria, is known for its lush greenery and scenic beauty, making it a haven for nature lovers and those seeking tranquility.
Must-Do Activities
South Sudan is a destination for those who crave adventure and authentic cultural encounters. Here are the top activities that will make your journey unforgettable:
Go on a Safari
South Sudan’s national parks—Nimule, Boma, Bandingilo, and more—offer some of Africa’s most untouched safari experiences. Embark on game drives to spot elephants, giraffes, buffalo, antelope, and elusive predators. The parks are also birdwatching hotspots, with rare and migratory species filling the skies.
Witness the Great Migration
Time your visit to Boma or Bandingilo National Park to witness the great migration of antelope. This spectacle, second only to the Serengeti’s migration, sees hundreds of thousands of animals moving across the plains—a breathtaking sight for photographers and wildlife lovers alike.
Explore the White Nile
Take a boat trip or canoe ride on the White Nile. Whether you’re gliding past riverside villages, fishing with locals, or simply enjoying the serene landscapes, the river is central to life in South Sudan. Adventurous travelers can try kayaking or explore the rapids near Fula Waterfalls in Nimule National Park.
Engage with Local Tribes
Arrange a visit to a Mundari or Dinka cattle camp. These experiences offer a unique window into pastoral life, traditional ceremonies, and the importance of cattle in local culture. Participate in or observe wrestling matches, music, and dance—integral parts of community celebrations.
Visit Vibrant Markets
Immerse yourself in the sights, sounds, and flavors of South Sudanese markets. Shop for handmade crafts, sample local delicacies, and interact with vendors. Markets are the perfect place to experience the country’s diversity and hospitality.
Discover Juba’s Landmarks
Tour the capital’s key sites: pay your respects at the John Garang Mausoleum, admire the architecture of All Saints Cathedral, and delve into history at the Juba Archaeological Museum. Don’t miss the lively atmosphere of Juba Town Roundabout and the city’s bustling streets.
Hike and Birdwatch in Kajo Keji
Nature lovers will find paradise in Kajo Keji, where hiking trails wind through picturesque landscapes and birdwatching opportunities abound. The area’s rivers and forests are home to a variety of species, making it a rewarding destination for eco-tourists.
Experience Cultural Festivals
If your timing is right, attend a local festival or ceremony. South Sudan’s cultural calendar features traditional dances, music, and rituals that celebrate the country’s heritage and unity. These events are a highlight for travelers seeking authentic connections.
Go Off the Beaten Path
For the truly adventurous, explore remote regions like Nasir, known for its Nuer culture and traditional ceremonies, or Tumbura, where lush scenery and local communities welcome visitors. Each journey off the main road reveals new landscapes and stories.
South Sudan’s must-see attractions and must-do activities promise an experience that is raw, real, and deeply rewarding. Whether you’re tracking wildlife on the savanna, sharing a meal in a village, or drifting down the White Nile, you’ll discover a country that is as complex as it is beautiful—a place where every moment is a story waiting to be told.
Travel Tips
Traveling to South Sudan is an experience reserved for the truly adventurous. As the world’s youngest nation, it offers raw beauty, vibrant cultures, and a sense of discovery unlike anywhere else. However, the country’s ongoing challenges—security risks, limited infrastructure, and complex social dynamics—mean that preparation and awareness are essential. Here’s what you need to know to travel smart, stay safe, and engage respectfully in South Sudan in 2025.
Safety Advice
- Security Situation
South Sudan remains a high-risk destination due to ongoing armed conflict, violent crime, and political instability. Most governments advise against all travel to the country, including the capital, Juba. Armed fighting between rival factions, including airstrikes, continues to affect various regions, and the security situation can deteriorate rapidly. - Crime and Personal Safety
- Violent crime—including armed robbery, carjacking, compound invasions, and kidnapping—is widespread, especially in Juba and other urban centers. Foreigners have been targeted in serious incidents, including sexual assault and robbery.
- Petty crime such as pickpocketing and bag snatching is also common, particularly in crowded markets and public areas.
- Avoid displaying wealth, carrying large sums of cash, or wearing expensive jewelry. Keep valuables and travel documents secure at all times.
- Crime often spikes around major holidays like Christmas, New Year, and Easter.
- Movement and Transportation
- Avoid traveling at night. Streets are poorly lit, and risks of crime and accidents increase after dark.
- Road travel is hazardous due to poor road conditions, reckless driving, and the threat of armed attacks. Most roads are unpaved and can become impassable during the rainy season.
- Public transport, including buses and motorbike taxis (“boda-bodas”), is unsafe due to poor vehicle conditions, reckless driving, and a high risk of mugging. Use only reputable, pre-arranged private transport when possible.
- Keep car doors locked and windows up at all times. Only roll down your window enough to communicate at checkpoints, and never surrender your original documents—carry laminated copies for inspection.
- Be cautious at checkpoints, which can be tense and unpredictable. Officials may solicit bribes or become hostile, especially after dark or during times of unrest.
- Landmines and unexploded ordnance remain a danger, especially off main roads. Stick to routes cleared by de-mining authorities.
- Emergency Services
- Emergency response is limited. In case of fire, medical, or police emergencies, dial 999, but be aware that response times may be slow.
- Medical facilities are basic. Carry essential medicines, first-aid supplies, and comprehensive travel insurance with evacuation coverage.
- Women and LGBTQ+ Travelers
- Solo female travelers face heightened risks and should avoid walking alone, especially at night or in remote areas.
- Homosexuality is illegal and carries severe penalties. LGBTQ+ travelers should exercise extreme caution and avoid public displays of affection.
- General Precautions
- Stay informed about the latest security developments through reliable sources and local contacts.
- Register with your embassy or consulate upon arrival and maintain regular contact.
- Have contingency plans for sheltering in place or rapid evacuation if the situation deteriorates.
Local Customs
- Dress and Behavior
- South Sudanese society is conservative. Dress modestly, covering shoulders and knees, especially in rural areas and when visiting religious or government sites.
- Public displays of affection are frowned upon. Always greet elders and community leaders respectfully.
- Photography is sensitive. Always ask permission before taking photos of people, government buildings, or military sites. In some cases, photography may be prohibited.
- Social Etiquette
- Greetings are important. A handshake is common, but among some communities, elaborate greetings or gestures may be used.
- Elders are highly respected. Stand when an elder enters the room and use formal titles when addressing them.
- Hospitality is central to South Sudanese culture. If offered food or drink, it is polite to accept, even if only a small amount.
- In rural areas, traditional customs and tribal laws may take precedence over national laws. Always defer to local guidance and respect community practices.
- Religion
- South Sudan is predominantly Christian, with significant animist and Muslim minorities. Religious tolerance is generally observed, but it’s wise to be respectful of local beliefs and practices.
- During religious festivals or ceremonies, dress conservatively and follow the lead of locals.
- Gender Roles
- Gender roles are traditional in many communities. Men and women often socialize separately, and women may cover their heads in public or religious settings.
- Women travelers should be particularly mindful of local norms regarding dress and behavior.
Language Basics
- Official and Common Languages
- The official language of South Sudan is English, used in government, education, and some business settings.
- However, Arabic is widely spoken, especially among older generations and in markets.
- Over 60 indigenous languages are spoken across the country, with Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, and Shilluk among the most prevalent.
- Useful Phrases
While English is the official language, learning a few basic phrases in Arabic or local languages can go a long way in building rapport.
In English:
- Hello: “Hello”
- How are you?: “How are you?”
- Thank you: “Thank you”
- Please: “Please”
- Goodbye: “Goodbye”
In Juba Arabic:
- Hello: “Salam” or “Salam aleikum”
- How are you?: “Keif halak?” (to a man) / “Keif halik?” (to a woman)
- Thank you: “Shukran”
- Yes: “Aywa”
- No: “La”
- Goodbye: “Ma salama”
- Communication Tips
- South Sudanese are generally friendly and welcoming to polite visitors.
- Smiling and using respectful greetings will help you make positive connections.
- If you’re unsure about language or customs, ask your guide or a trusted local for help.
Final Tips for a Smooth Journey
Traveling in South Sudan demands vigilance, flexibility, and deep respect for local customs. While the risks are real and should not be underestimated, those who prepare thoroughly and approach the country with humility and cultural sensitivity can experience a side of Africa that few outsiders ever see. Always prioritize safety, stay informed, and let respect guide your interactions—this is the key to a meaningful and memorable journey in South Sudan.